Pathologic features of paraspinal muscle biopsies in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To characterize the paraspinal muscles of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients, and to further explore its etiology.@*METHODS@#Clinical records and paraspinal muscle biopsies at the apex vertebra region during posterior scoliosis correction surgery of 18 AIS were collected from November 2018 to August 2019. Following standardized processing of fresh muscle tissue biopsy, serial sections with conventional hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) with antibody Dystrophin-1 (R-domain), Dystrophin-2 (C-terminal), Dystrophin-3 (N-terminal), Dystrophin-total, Myosin (fast), major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-1), CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD68 staining were obtained. Biopsy samples were grouped according to the subjects' median Cobb angle (Cobb angle ≥ 55° as severe AIS group and Cobb angle < 55° as mild AIS group) and Nash-Moe's classification respectively, and the corresponding pathological changes were compared between the groups statistically.@*RESULTS@#Among the 18 AIS patients, 8 were in the severe AIS group (Cobb angle ≥55°) and 10 in the mild AIS group (Cobb angle < 55°). Both severe and mild AIS groups presented various of atrophy and degeneration of paraspinal muscles, varying degrees and staining patterns of immune-expression of Dystrophin-3 loss, especially Dystrophin-2 loss in severe AIS group with significant differences, as well as among the Nash-Moe classification subgroups. Besides, infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the paraspinal muscles and tendons was observed in all the patients while CD20+ cells were null. The expression of MHC-1 on myolemma was present in some muscle fibers.@*CONCLUSION@#The histologic of paraspinal muscle biopsy in AIS had similar characteristic changes, the expression of Dystrophin protein was significantly reduced and correlated with the severity of scoliosis, suggesting that Dystrophin protein dysfunctions might contribute to the development of scoliosis. Meanwhile, the inflammatory changes of AIS were mainly manifested by T cell infiltration, and there seemed to be a certain correlation between inflammatory cell infiltration, MHC-1 expression and abnormal expression of Dystrophin. Further research along the lines of this result may open up new ideas for the diagnosis of scoliosis and the treatment of paraspinal myopathy.

Análisis de la morfología del raquis torácico y lumbar en mujeres trabajadoras de una cooperativa hortofrutícola / men Analysis of the thoracic and lumbar morphology in woworkers from a fruit and vegetable company

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la disposición angular del raquis torácico y lumbar en bipedestación y sedentación relajada en mujeres trabajadoras de una empresa hortofrutícola. Un total de 50 mujeres (media de edad: 43,62+/-8,43 años) fueron evaluadas mediante un spinal mouse en bipedestación y en sedentación relajada. Los valores angulares medios para el raquis torácico y lumbar fueron de 32,74+/-8,76 y -21,66+/-19,12 en bipedestación y de 36,32+/-10,55 y -1,08+/-18,14, en sedentación. En bipedestación, un elevado porcentaje de casos (86 por ciento y 68,3 por ciento) presentaban una cifosis torácica y lordosis lumbar dentro de los valores de normalidad. En sedentación, el 74 por ciento presentaban hipercifosis torácica y el 20 por ciento una inversión lumbar. En conclusión, aunque en bipedestación la mayoría de las mujeres presentaban una morfología del raquis dentro de los valores de normalidad, en sedentación se observó un elevado porcentaje de casos con hipercifosis torácica y el raquis lumbar en inversión. Debido a las consecuencias negativas que se asocian a dichas desalineaciones raquídeas, es recomendable aplicar programas de mejora de la actitud postural en estas trabajadoras, preferentemente en su contexto laboral.

The aim of this study was to analyze the sagittal spinal morphology of thoracic and lumbar spine in standing and sitting in women workers from a cooperative in the production, handling and marketing business of vegetable and fruit products. A total of 50 women (mean age: 43.62+/-8.43 years old) were evaluated. The spinal mouse system was used to mesasure the sagittal thoracic and lumbar curvatures in standing and relaxed sitting. The values for thoracic and lumbar curvatures were 32.74+/-8.76 and -21.66+/-19.12 in standing and 36.32+/-10.55 and -1.08+/-18.14 in sitting. A high frequency (86.0 percent and 68.3 percent) of normal thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis were found in standing posture. While sitting the 74.0 percent and 20.0 percent presented thoracic hyperkyphosis and lumbar kyphosis. In conclusion, a high percentaje of women workers presented normality values in standing posture, although a high percentage of women were found with thoracic hyperkyphosis and lumbar flexed while sitting relaxed. It is recommended that these women carry out a program to improve their actitudinal postures in their work place.

Validation, repeatability and reproducibility of a noninvasive instrument for measuring thoracic and lumbar curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane / Validade, repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade de um instrumento não-invasivo para medição das curvaturas torácica e lombar da coluna vertebral no plano sagital

BACKGROUND: The need for early identification of postural abnormalities without exposing patients to constant radiation has stimulated the development of instruments aiming to measure the spinal curvatures. OBJECTIVE: To verify the validity, repeatability and reproducibility of angular measures of sagittal curvatures of the spine obtained using an adapted arcometer, by comparing them with Cobb angles of the respective curvatures obtained by using X-rays. METHODS: 52 participants were submitted to two procedures designed to evaluate the thoracic and lumbar curvatures: (1) X-ray examination from which the Cobb angles (CA) of both curvatures were obtained, and (2) measuring the angles with the arcometer (AA). Two evaluators collected the data using the arcometer, with the rods placed at T1, T12, L1 and L5 spinous processes levels in a way as to permit linear measurements which, with aid of trigonometry, supplied the AA. RESULTS: There was a very strong and significant correlation between AA and CA (r=0.94; p<0.01), with no-significant difference (p=0.32), for the thoracic curvature. There was a strong and significant correlation for the lumbar curvature (r=0.71; p<0.01) between AA and CA, with no-significant difference (p=0.30). There is a very strong correlation between intra-evaluator and inter-evaluator AA. CONCLUSION: It was possible to quantify reliably the thoracic and lumbar curvatures with the arcometer and it can thus be considered valid and reliable and for use in evaluating spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A necessidade de identificação precoce de alterações posturais, sem expor as pessoas à radiação constante, tem estimulado a construção de instrumentos para medir as curvaturas da coluna vertebral. OBJETIVO: Verificar a validade, repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade dos ângulos das curvaturas sagitais da coluna vertebral, obtidos por meio de um arcômetro adaptado, comparando-os com os ângulos de Cobb (AC) das respectivas curvaturas, obtidos por meio de exames radiográficos. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e dois indivíduos foram submetidos a dois procedimentos destinados a avaliar as curvaturas torácica e lombar: (1) exame de raios-X, a partir do qual os AC de ambas as curvaturas foram obtidos e (2) medição dos ângulos das curvaturas com o arcômetro (AA). Dois avaliadores coletaram os dados usando o arcômetro com as hastes sobre os processos espinhosos T1, T12, L1 e L5, de modo a permitir medidas que, com auxílio de trigonometria, forneceram os AA. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se correlação muito forte e significativa entre AA e AC (r=0,94, p<0,01), sem diferença significativa (p=0,32) para a curvatura torácica, enquanto, para a curvatura lombar, encontrou-se uma forte e significativa correlação (r=0,71, p<0,01) entre AA e AC, sem diferença significativa (p=0,30). Existe uma correlação muito forte intra-avaliador e inter-avaliador nos AA. CONCLUSÃO: O arcômetro permitiu quantificar as curvaturas torácica e lombar, podendo-se considerar as medições válidas, fidedignas e objetivas para uso na avaliação de curvaturas da coluna vertebral no plano sagital.

Relação entre cifose dorsal, densidade mineral óssea e controle postural em idosas / Relationship between thoracic kyphosis, bone mineral density, and postural control in elderly women

OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre medida angular da cifose dorsal, densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e controle postural em mulheres idosas. MÉTODOS: Por meio de um estudo transversal, 95 idosas foram divididas em quatro grupos segundo as medidas angulares da cifose dorsal (obtidas pelo método flexicurva) e os resultados de densitometria óssea. Na plataforma de força e por meio de teste dinâmico, foram obtidos os dados estabilométricos. Para fins estatísticos, analisou-se apenas o desempenho, na plataforma de força, de cada grupo por meio de testes não paramétricos, um grupo em relação ao outro (Mann-Whitney), e segundo a condição dos olhos - abertos ou fechados (Signed Rank). RESULTADOS: Na plataforma de força, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas entre os desempenhos dos grupos 1 (com perda de massa óssea e com aumento da cifose dorsal) e 3 (sem perda de massa óssea e sem aumento da cifose dorsal) na direção ântero-posterior (AP) (p=0,0124). Com exceção do grupo 3 (p=0,4263), todos os demais grupos apresentaram diferença no desempenho entre as tentativas de olhos abertos (OAs) e de olhos fechados (OFs) na direção médio-lateral (ML), enquanto que, na direção AP, nenhum grupo apresentou diferença entre as tentativas. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que houve influência da medida angular da cifose dorsal e da DMO no controle postural na direção AP e na posição ortostática na população estudada.

OBJECTIVES: To verify the relationship between the angle of thoracic kyphosis, bone mineral density, and postural control in elderly women. METHODS: Through a cross-sectional study, 95 elderly participants were subdivided into four groups according to the thoracic kyphosis angle (obtained by the flexicurve method) and to bone densitometry results. On the force platform and through the dynamic test, stabilometric data were obtained. For statistical analysis, we assessed the performance of each group on the force platform by non-parametric tests: between group comparison (Mann-Whitney) and within group comparison according to the condition of the eyes - open or closed (Signed Rank). RESULTS: On the force platform, the only statistically significant difference was found between groups 1 (loss of bone mass and increased thoracic kyphosis) and 3 (no loss of bone mass or increase in thoracic kyphosis) in the anteroposterior direction (p=0.0124). All groups presented different performances with the eyes open and closed in the mediolateral direction, except for group 3 (p=0.4263), whereas in the anteroposterior direction, we did not observe differences. CONCLUSION: The results suggest an influence of the angle of thoracic kyphosis and bone mineral density on the postural control of our sample in the anteroposterior direction and in the standing position.

Classificação de McCormack e colapso sagital na fratura toracolombar explosão / McCormack classification and kyphotic deformity in thoracolumbar burst fractures

O aumento da cifose toracolombar após tratamento conservador da fratura tipo explosão é complicação constatada por vários autores. Realizamos estudo retrospectivo com 33 portadores de fratura toracolombar do tipo explosão submetidos ao tratamento conservador entre 1992 a 2004 para verificar a correlação entre a cifose toracolombar e a Classificação de McCormack, que pontua a gravidade da fratura conforme a cominuição do corpo, o deslocamento dos fragmentos no corpo vertebral e a quantidade de correção da deformidade em cifose após o tratamento. Após 30 meses de seguimento médio, verificamos correlação entre a pontuação da Classificação de McCormack, conhecida na literatura como load sharing classification, e o colapso vertebral sagital nestes pacientes (p<0,05;r=0,65). A despeito de ser descrita para avaliação do colapso sagital após o tratamento cirúrgico, a aplicabilidade desta Classificação pode ser considerada para os portadores de fratura toracolombar explosão submetidos ao tratamento conservador.

The increasing incidence of thoracolumbar kyphosis after conservative treatment of burst fractures is a complication reported by several authors. We performed a retrospective study on a consecutive series of 33 patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures treated with cast or brace immobilization between 1992 and 2004 to check for a correlation between thoracolumbar kyphosis and Load Sharing Classification, which provides fracture severity scores according to body comminution, vertebral body fragments displacement and the amount of kyphosis correction delivered after treatment. After an average of 30 months of follow-up we found a correlation between Load Sharing Classification scores (also known as McCormack's Classification), and the sagittal kyphotic deformity on these patients (p<0.05;r=0.65). Despite of being described for assessing sagittal deformity after surgical treatment, the applicability of this Classification can be considered for patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures submitted to conservative treatment.